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Physiol. Rev. 78: 99-141, 1998;
0031-9333/98 $15.00
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PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS   Vol. 78 No. 1 January 1998, pp. 99-141
Copyright ©1998 The American Physiological Society

Glial Calcium: Homeostasis and Signaling Function

ALEXEJ VERKHRATSKY, RICHARD K. ORKAND, AND HELMUT KETTENMANN

Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany; and Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico

Verkhratsky, Alexej, Richard K. Orkand, and Helmut Kettenmann. Glial Calcium: Homeostasis and Signaling Function. Physiol. Rev. 78: 99-141, 1998. --- Glial cells respond to various electrical, mechanical, and chemical stimuli, including neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones, with an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The increases exhibit a variety of temporal and spatial patterns. These [Ca2+]i responses result from the coordinated activity of a number of molecular cascades responsible for Ca2+ movement into or out of the cytoplasm either by way of the extracellular space or intracellular stores. Transplasmalemmal Ca2+ movements may be controlled by several types of voltage- and ligand-gated Ca2+-permeable channels as well as Ca2+ pumps and a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. In addition, glial cells express various metabotropic receptors coupled to intracellular Ca2+ stores through the intracellular messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. The interplay of different molecular cascades enables the development of agonist-specific patterns of Ca2+ responses. Such agonist specificity may provide a means for intracellular and intercellular information coding. Calcium signals can traverse gap junctions between glial cells without decrement. These waves can serve as a substrate for integration of glial activity. By controlling gap junction conductance, Ca2+ waves may define the limits of functional glial networks. Neuronal activity can trigger [Ca2+]i signals in apposed glial cells, and moreover, there is some evidence that glial [Ca2+]i waves can affect neurons. Glial Ca2+ signaling can be regarded as a form of glial excitability.




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