|
|
||||||||
PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS Vol. 79 No. 1 January 1999,
pp. 215-262
Copyright ©1999 The American Physiological Society
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U. 127, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
Swynghedauw, Bernard. Molecular Mechanisms of Myocardial Remodeling. Physiol. Rev. 79: 215-262, 1999.
"Remodeling" implies changes that result in rearrangement of normally existing structures. This review focuses only on permanent modifications in relation to clinical dysfunction in cardiac remodeling (CR) secondary to myocardial infarction (MI) and/or arterial hypertension and includes a special section on the senescent heart, since CR is mainly a disease of the elderly. From a biological point of view, CR is determined by 1 ) the general process of adaptation which allows both the myocyte and the collagen network to adapt to new working conditions; 2) ventricular fibrosis, i.e., increased collagen concentration, which is multifactorial and caused by senescence, ischemia, various hormones, and/or inflammatory processes; 3) cell death, a parameter linked to fibrosis, which is usually due to necrosis and apoptosis and occurs in nearly all models of CR. The process of adaptation is associated with various changes in genetic expression, including a general activation that causes hypertrophy, isogenic shifts which result in the appearance of a slow isomyosin, and a new Na+-K+-ATPase with a low affinity for sodium, reactivation of genes encoding for atrial natriuretic fator and the renin-angiotensin system, and a diminished concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase,
-adrenergic receptors, and the potassium channel responsible for transient outward current. From a clinical point of view, fibrosis is for the moment a major marker for cardiac failure and a crucial determinant of myocardial heterogeneity, increasing diastolic stiffness, and the propensity for reentry arrhythmias. In addition, systolic dysfunction is facilitated by slowing of the calcium transient and the downregulation of the entire adrenergic system. Modifications of intracellular calcium movements are the main determinants of the triggered activity and automaticity that cause arrhythmias and alterations in relaxation.
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
L. J. Ellmers, N. J. A. Scott, S. Medicherla, A. P. Pilbrow, P. G. Bridgman, T. G. Yandle, A. M. Richards, A. A. Protter, and V. A. Cameron Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Blockade Down-Regulates the Renin-Angiotensin System and Modifies Cardiac Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction Endocrinology, November 1, 2008; 149(11): 5828 - 5834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Belabbas, S. Zalvidea, D. Casellas, J.-P. Moles, O. Galbes, J. Mercier, and B. Jover Contrasting effect of exercise and angiotensin II hypertension on in vivo and in vitro cardiac angiogenesis in rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2008; 295(5): R1512 - R1518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Gonzalez, B. Lopez, S. Ravassa, J. Beaumont, T. Arias, N. Hermida, A. Zudaire, and J. Diez Biochemical markers of myocardial remodelling in hypertensive heart disease Cardiovasc Res, September 20, 2008; (2008) cvn235v2. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. van Rooij, L. B. Sutherland, J. E. Thatcher, J. M. DiMaio, R. H. Naseem, W. S. Marshall, J. A. Hill, and E. N. Olson Dysregulation of microRNAs after myocardial infarction reveals a role of miR-29 in cardiac fibrosis PNAS, September 2, 2008; 105(35): 13027 - 13032. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Pandya, J. Cowhig, J. Brackhan, H. S. Kim, J. Hagaman, M. Rojas, C. W. Carter Jr, L. Mao, H. A. Rockman, N. Maeda, et al. Discordant on/off switching of gene expression in myocytes during cardiac hypertrophy in vivo PNAS, September 2, 2008; 105(35): 13063 - 13068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Bovill, S. Westaby, S. Reji, R. Sayeed, A. Crisp, and T. Shaw Induction by left ventricular overload and left ventricular failure of the human Jumonji gene (JARID2) encoding a protein that regulates transcription and reexpression of a protective fetal program J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., September 1, 2008; 136(3): 709 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Shimano, Y. Inden, Y. Tsuji, H. Kamiya, T. Uchikawa, R. Shibata, and T. Murohara Circulating homocysteine levels in patients with radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation Europace, August 1, 2008; 10(8): 961 - 966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. S. Moshal, S. M. Tipparaju, T. P. Vacek, M. Kumar, M. Singh, I. E. Frank, P. K. Patibandla, N. Tyagi, J. Rai, N. Metreveli, et al. Mitochondrial matrix metalloproteinase activation decreases myocyte contractility in hyperhomocysteinemia Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2008; 295(2): H890 - H897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Z. Lu, J.-i. Abe, J. Taunton, Y. Lu, T. Shishido, C. McClain, C. Yan, S. P. Xu, T. M. Spangenberg, and H. Xu Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Activation of p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase Prolongs Cardiac Repolarization Through Inhibiting Outward K+ Channel Activity Circ. Res., August 1, 2008; 103(3): 269 - 278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J.-L. Samuel, M. C. Schaub, M. Zaugg, M. Mamas, W. B. Dunn, and B. Swynghedauw Genomics in cardiac metabolism Cardiovasc Res, July 15, 2008; 79(2): 218 - 227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Aharinejad, O. Andrukhova, T. Lucas, A. Zuckermann, G. Wieselthaler, E. Wolner, and M. Grimm Programmed Cell Death in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy is Mediated by Suppression of the Apoptosis Inhibitor Apollon. Ann. Thorac. Surg., July 1, 2008; 86(1): 109 - 114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T Chung, W-C Lim, R Sy, I Cunningham, J Trotman, and L Kritharides Subacute cardiac toxicity following autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with normal cardiac function Heart, July 1, 2008; 94(7): 911 - 918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. Burstein and S. Nattel Atrial Fibrosis: Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance in Atrial Fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 26, 2008; 51(8): 802 - 809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. H. Looi, D. J. Grieve, A. Siva, S. J. Walker, N. Anilkumar, A. C. Cave, M. Marber, M. J. Monaghan, and A. M. Shah Involvement of Nox2 NADPH Oxidase in Adverse Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction Hypertension, February 1, 2008; 51(2): 319 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Minnaard-Huiban, J. M. A. Emmen, L. Roumen, I. P. E. Beugels, G. M. S. Cohuet, H. van Essen, E. Ruijters, K. Pieterse, P. A. J. Hilbers, H. C. J. Ottenheijm, et al. Fadrozole Reverses Cardiac Fibrosis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure Rats: Discordant Enantioselectivity Versus Reduction of Plasma Aldosterone Endocrinology, January 1, 2008; 149(1): 28 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. G. Spinale Myocardial Matrix Remodeling and the Matrix Metalloproteinases: Influence on Cardiac Form and Function Physiol Rev, October 1, 2007; 87(4): 1285 - 1342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
X. Loyer, T. Damy, Z. Chvojkova, E. Robidel, F. Marotte, P. Oliviero, C. Heymes, and J.-L. Samuel 17{beta}-Estradiol Regulates Constitutive Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression Differentially in the Myocardium in Response to Pressure Overload Endocrinology, October 1, 2007; 148(10): 4579 - 4584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. van Tuyn, D. A. Pijnappels, A. A. F. de Vries, I. de Vries, I. van der Velde-van Dijke, S. Knaan-Shanzer, A. van der Laarse, M. J. Schalij, and D. E. Atsma Fibroblasts from human postmyocardial infarction scars acquire properties of cardiomyocytes after transduction with a recombinant myocardin gene FASEB J, October 1, 2007; 21(12): 3369 - 3379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. A. Williams and D. G. Allen The role of reactive oxygen species in the hearts of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): H1969 - H1977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Takahashi, T. Asai, H. Murakami, R. Murakami, M. Tsuzuki, Y. Numaguchi, H. Matsui, T. Murohara, and K. Okumura Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Heterozygous Carrier Mice of Carnitine Transporter Gene Mutation Hypertension, September 1, 2007; 50(3): 497 - 502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. N. Tziakas, G. K. Chalikias, N. Papanas, D. A. Stakos, S. V. Chatzikyriakou, and E. Maltezos Circulating levels of collagen type I degradation marker depend on the type of atrial fibrillation Europace, August 1, 2007; 9(8): 589 - 596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Gizurarson, M. Lorentzon, T. Ramunddal, F. Waagstein, L. Bergfeldt, and E. Omerovic Effects of complete heart block on myocardial function, morphology, and energy metabolism in the rat Europace, June 1, 2007; 9(6): 411 - 416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. H. Kumbar, A. VanBergen, C. Ocampo, S. Muangmingsuk, A. J. Griffin, and M. Gupta Adapter molecule DOC-2 is differentially expressed in pressure and volume overload hypertrophy and inhibits collagen synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2007; 102(5): 2024 - 2032. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W. A. LaFramboise, D. Scalise, P. Stoodley, S. R. Graner, R. D. Guthrie, J. A. Magovern, and M. J. Becich Cardiac fibroblasts influence cardiomyocyte phenotype in vitro Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, May 1, 2007; 292(5): C1799 - C1808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. J Ellmers, N. J A Scott, J. Piuhola, N. Maeda, O. Smithies, C. M Frampton, A M. Richards, and V. A Cameron Npr1-regulated gene pathways contributing to cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis J. Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2007; 38(2): 245 - 257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Demion, P. Bois, P. Launay, and R. Guinamard TRPM4, a Ca2+-activated nonselective cation channel in mouse sino-atrial node cells Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2007; 73(3): 531 - 538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. P. Pilbrow, B. R. Palmer, C. M. Frampton, T. G. Yandle, R. W. Troughton, E. Campbell, L. Skelton, J. G. Lainchbury, A. M. Richards, and V. A. Cameron Angiotensinogen M235T and T174M Gene Polymorphisms in Combination Doubles the Risk of Mortality in Heart Failure Hypertension, February 1, 2007; 49(2): 322 - 327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
V. Adams, A. Linke, U. Wisloff, C. Doring, S. Erbs, N. Krankel, C. C. Witt, S. Labeit, U. Muller-Werdan, G. Schuler, et al. Myocardial expression of Murf-1 and MAFbx after induction of chronic heart failure: Effect on myocardial contractility Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2007; 73(1): 120 - 129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Cerutti, M. Kurdi, G. Bricca, W. Hodroj, C. Paultre, J. Randon, and M.-P. Gustin Transcriptional alterations in the left ventricle of three hypertensive rat models Physiol Genomics, November 21, 2006; 27(3): 295 - 308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Pandya, H.-S. Kim, and O. Smithies Fibrosis, not cell size, delineates beta-myosin heavy chain reexpression during cardiac hypertrophy and normal aging in vivo PNAS, November 7, 2006; 103(45): 16864 - 16869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. J. Birks, P. D. Tansley, J. Hardy, R. S. George, C. T. Bowles, M. Burke, N. R. Banner, A. Khaghani, and M. H. Yacoub Left Ventricular Assist Device and Drug Therapy for the Reversal of Heart Failure N. Engl. J. Med., November 2, 2006; 355(18): 1873 - 1884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Leszek, J. Korewicki, A. Klisiewicz, J. Janas, A. Biederman, A. Browarek, D. Charlemagne, and P. Trouve Reduced myocardial expression of calcium handling protein in patients with severe chronic mitral regurgitation Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., November 1, 2006; 30(5): 737 - 743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Cai, Y. Wang, G. Zhou, T. Chen, Y. Song, X. Li, and Y. J. Kang Attenuation by Metallothionein of Early Cardiac Cell Death via Suppression of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Results in a Prevention of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 17, 2006; 48(8): 1688 - 1697. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. B. Engel, P. C. H. Hsieh, R. T. Lee, and M. T. Keating FGF1/p38 MAP kinase inhibitor therapy induces cardiomyocyte mitosis, reduces scarring, and rescues function after myocardial infarction PNAS, October 17, 2006; 103(42): 15546 - 15551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. D. Jarvis, M. T. Rademaker, L. J. Ellmers, M. J. Currie, J. L. McKenzie, B. R. Palmer, C. M. Frampton, A. M. Richards, and V. A. Cameron Comparison of infarct-derived and control ovine cardiac myofibroblasts in culture: response to cytokines and natriuretic peptide receptor expression profiles. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): H1952 - H1958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Podgorska, K. Kocbuch, M. Grden, A. Szutowicz, and T. Pawelczyk Reduced ability to release adenosine by diabetic rat cardiac fibroblasts due to altered expression of nucleoside transporters J. Physiol., October 1, 2006; 576(1): 179 - 189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Laskowski, O. L. Woodman, A. H. Cao, G. R. Drummond, T. Marshall, D. M. Kaye, and R. H. Ritchie Antioxidant actions contribute to the antihypertrophic effects of atrial natriuretic peptide in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2006; 72(1): 112 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. J. Crozier, X. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Cheung, S. R. Kimball, and L. S. Jefferson Activation of signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms of mRNA translation following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2006; 101(2): 576 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Johar, A. C. Cave, A. Narayanapanicker, D. J. Grieve, and A. M. Shah Aldosterone mediates angiotensin II-induced interstitial cardiac fibrosis via a Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase FASEB J, July 1, 2006; 20(9): 1546 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. Swynghedauw Phenotypic plasticity of adult myocardium: molecular mechanisms J. Exp. Biol., June 15, 2006; 209(12): 2320 - 2327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Xu, S. J. Williams, D. O'Brien, and S. T. Davidge Hypoxia or nutrient restriction during pregnancy in rats leads to progressive cardiac remodeling and impairs postischemic recovery in adult male offspring FASEB J, June 1, 2006; 20(8): 1251 - 1253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. F. Berry, A. J. Engler, Y. J. Woo, T. J. Pirolli, L. T. Bish, V. Jayasankar, K. J. Morine, T. J. Gardner, D. E. Discher, and H. L. Sweeney Mesenchymal stem cell injection after myocardial infarction improves myocardial compliance Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): H2196 - H2203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Fedele, V. Fidanza, S. Battista, F. Pentimalli, A. J.P. Klein-Szanto, R. Visone, I. De Martino, A. Curcio, C. Morisco, L. Del Vecchio, et al. Haploinsufficiency of the hmga1 gene causes cardiac hypertrophy and myelo-lymphoproliferative disorders in mice. Cancer Res., March 1, 2006; 66(5): 2536 - 2543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. R. Hallows, A. C. Fitch, C. A. Richardson, P. R. Reynolds, J. P. Clancy, P. C. Dagher, L. A. Witters, J. K. Kolls, and J. M. Pilewski Up-regulation of AMP-activated Kinase by Dysfunctional Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelial Cells Mitigates Excessive Inflammation J. Biol. Chem., February 17, 2006; 281(7): 4231 - 4241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Ago and J. Sadoshima GDF15, a Cardioprotective TGF-{beta} Superfamily Protein Circ. Res., February 17, 2006; 98(3): 294 - 297. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Matsumoto-Ida, Y. Takimoto, T. Aoyama, M. Akao, T. Takeda, and T. Kita Activation of TGF-{beta}1-TAK1-p38 MAPK pathway in spared cardiomyocytes is involved in left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2006; 290(2): H709 - H715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Nakajima, H. O. Nakajima, K. Dembowsky, K. B.S. Pasumarthi, and L. J. Field Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle Activation Ameliorates Fibrosis in the Atrium Circ. Res., January 6, 2006; 98(1): 141 - 148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. D'Ascia, A. Cittadini, M. G. Monti, G. Riccio, and L. Sacca Effects of biventricular pacing on interstitial remodelling, tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} expression, and apoptotic death in failing human myocardium Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2006; 27(2): 201 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. J. Kang Cardiac Hypertrophy: A Risk Factor for QT-Prolongation and Cardiac Sudden Death Toxicol Pathol, January 1, 2006; 34(1): 58 - 66. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Pavlovic, A. Schaller, B. Steiner, P. Berdat, T. Carrel, J.-P. Pfammatter, R. A. Ammann, and S. Gallati Gender Modulates the Expression of Calcium-Regulating Proteins in Pediatric Atrial Myocardium Experimental Biology and Medicine, December 1, 2005; 230(11): 853 - 859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. E. Mascio, A. K. Olison, J. C. Ralphe, R. J. Tomanek, T. D. Scholz, and J. L. Segar Myocardial vascular and metabolic adaptations in chronically anemic fetal sheep Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2005; 289(6): R1736 - R1745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S.-S. Zhou, J. Yang, Y.-Q. Li, L.-Y. Zhao, M. Xu, and Y.-F. Ding Effect of Cl- channel blockers on aconitine-induced arrhythmias in rat heart Exp Physiol, November 1, 2005; 90(6): 865 - 872. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Fung, R. R. Fiscus, A. P. C. Yim, G. D. Angelini, and A. A. Arifi The Potential Use of Type-5 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Chest, October 1, 2005; 128(4): 3065 - 3073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. M. Nerbonne and R. S. Kass Molecular Physiology of Cardiac Repolarization Physiol Rev, October 1, 2005; 85(4): 1205 - 1253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Vornanen, M. Hassinen, H. Koskinen, and A. Krasnov Steady-state effects of temperature acclimation on the transcriptome of the rainbow trout heart Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2005; 289(4): R1177 - R1184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. Haulica, W. Bild, and D. N Serban Review: Angiotensin Peptides and their Pleiotropic Actions Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2005; 6(3): 121 - 131. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Saeedi, M. Grist, R. B. Wambolt, A. Bescond-Jacquet, A. Lucien, and M. F. Allard Trimetazidine Normalizes Postischemic Function of Hypertrophied Rat Hearts J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2005; 314(1): 446 - 454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Nakamura, K. Matsumoto, S. Mizuno, Y. Sawa, H. Matsuda, and T. Nakamura Hepatocyte growth factor prevents tissue fibrosis, remodeling, and dysfunction in cardiomyopathic hamster hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2005; 288(5): H2131 - H2139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Deten, G. Marx, W. Briest, H. Christian Volz, and H.-G. Zimmer Heart function and molecular biological parameters are comparable in young adult and aged rats after chronic myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2005; 66(2): 364 - 373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||