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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 1, January 2000, pp. 1-29
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
Niswender, Gordon D.,
Jennifer L. Juengel,
Patrick J. Silva,
M. Keith Rollyson, and
Eric W. McIntush.
Mechanisms Controlling the Function and Life Span of the
Corpus Luteum. Physiol. Rev. 80: 1-29, 2000.
The primary function of the
corpus luteum is secretion of the hormone progesterone, which is
required for maintenance of normal pregnancy in mammals. The corpus
luteum develops from residual follicular granulosal and thecal cells
after ovulation. Luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary
is important for normal development and function of the corpus luteum
in most mammals, although growth hormone, prolactin, and estradiol also
play a role in several species. The mature corpus luteum is composed of
at least two steroidogenic cell types based on morphological and
biochemical criteria and on the follicular source of origin. Small
luteal cells appear to be of thecal cell origin and respond to LH with
increased secretion of progesterone. LH directly stimulates the
secretion of progesterone from small luteal cells via activation of the
protein kinase A second messenger pathway. Large luteal cells are of
granulosal cell origin and contain receptors for PGF2
and appear to mediate the luteolytic actions of this hormone. If
pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum must regress to allow
follicular growth and ovulation and the reproductive cycle begins
again. Luteal regression is initiated by PGF2 of uterine
origin in most subprimate species. The role played by
PGF2 in primates remains controversial. In primates, if PGF2 plays a role in luteolysis, it appears to be of
ovarian origin. The antisteroidogenic effects of PGF2
appear to be mediated by the protein kinase C second messenger pathway,
whereas loss of luteal cells appears to follow an influx of calcium,
activation of endonucleases, and an apoptotic form of cell death. If
the female becomes pregnant, continued secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum is required to provide an appropriate uterine environment for maintenance of pregnancy. The mechanisms whereby the
pregnant uterus signals the corpus luteum that a conceptus is present
varies from secretion of a chorionic gonadotropin (primates and
equids), to secretion of an antiluteolytic factor (domestic ruminants),
and to a neuroendocrine reflex arc that modifies the secretory patterns
of hormones from the anterior pituitary (most rodents).
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