| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Physiological Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 2, April 2000, pp. 555-592
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Departments of Physiology and Anesthesiology, University of California at Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
Bezanilla, Francisco
The Voltage Sensor in Voltage-Dependent Ion Channels. Physiol. Rev. 80: 555-592, 2000.
In voltage-dependent Na, K, or Ca channels, the
probability of opening is modified by the membrane potential. This is
achieved through a voltage sensor that detects the voltage and
transfers its energy to the pore to control its gate. We present here
the theoretical basis of the energy coupling between the electric field
and the voltage, which allows the interpretation of the gating charge
that moves in one channel. Movement of the gating charge constitutes
the gating current. The properties are described, along with
macroscopic data and gating current noise analysis, in relation to the
operation of the voltage sensor and the opening of the channel.
Structural details of the voltage sensor operation were resolved
initially by locating the residues that make up the voltage sensor
using mutagenesis experiments and determining the number of charges per
channel. The changes in conformation are then analyzed based on the
differential exposure of cysteine or histidine-substituted
residues. Site-directed fluorescence labeling is then analyzed as
another powerful indicator of conformational changes that allows time
and voltage correlation of local changes seen by the fluorophores with
the global change seen by the electrophysiology of gating currents and
ionic currents. Finally, we describe the novel results on
lanthanide-based resonance energy transfer that show small distance
changes between residues in the channel molecule. All of the
electrophysiological and the structural information are finally
summarized in a physical model of a voltage-dependent channel in
which a change in membrane potential causes rotation of the S4 segment
that changes the exposure of the basic residues from an internally
connected aqueous crevice at hyperpolarized potentials to an externally
connected aqueous crevice at depolarized potentials.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Sokolov, T. Scheuer, and W. A. Catterall Depolarization-activated gating pore current conducted by mutant sodium channels in potassium-sensitive normokalemic periodic paralysis PNAS, December 16, 2008; 105(50): 19980 - 19985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Labro, A. L. Raes, A. Grottesi, D. Van Hoorick, M. S.P. Sansom, and D. J. Snyders Kv Channel Gating Requires a Compatible S4-S5 Linker and Bottom Part of S6, Constrained by Non-interacting Residues J. Gen. Physiol., December 1, 2008; 132(6): 667 - 680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Gonzalez-Perez, A. Neely, C. Tapia, G. Gonzalez-Gutierrez, G. Contreras, P. Orio, V. Lagos, G. Rojas, T. Estevez, K. Stack, et al. Slow Inactivation in Shaker K Channels Is Delayed by Intracellular Tetraethylammonium J. Gen. Physiol., December 1, 2008; 132(6): 633 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Hagedorn, D. Gradmann, and P. Hegemann Dynamics of Voltage Profile in Enzymatic Ion Transporters, Demonstrated in Electrokinetics of Proton Pumping Rhodopsin Biophys. J., December 1, 2008; 95(11): 5005 - 5013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. E. DeCoursey Voltage-gated proton channels: what's next? J. Physiol., November 15, 2008; 586(22): 5305 - 5324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. I. Borjesson, S. Hammarstrom, and F. Elinder Lipoelectric Modification of Ion Channel Voltage Gating by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Biophys. J., September 1, 2008; 95(5): 2242 - 2253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Miceli, M. V. Soldovieri, C. C. Hernandez, M. S. Shapiro, L. Annunziato, and M. Taglialatela Gating Consequences of Charge Neutralization of Arginine Residues in the S4 Segment of Kv7.2, an Epilepsy-Linked K+ Channel Subunit Biophys. J., September 1, 2008; 95(5): 2254 - 2264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Zandany, M. Ovadia, I. Orr, and O. Yifrach Direct analysis of cooperativity in multisubunit allosteric proteins PNAS, August 19, 2008; 105(33): 11697 - 11702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Nishizawa and K. Nishizawa Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Kv Channel Voltage Sensor Helix in a Lipid Membrane with Applied Electric Field Biophys. J., August 15, 2008; 95(4): 1729 - 1744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. V. Campos, B. Chanda, P. S.L. Beirao, and F. Bezanilla {alpha}-Scorpion Toxin Impairs a Conformational Change that Leads to Fast Inactivation of Muscle Sodium Channels J. Gen. Physiol., July 28, 2008; 132(2): 251 - 263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. S. Milescu, T. Yamanishi, K. Ptak, M. Z. Mogri, and J. C. Smith Real-Time Kinetic Modeling of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Using Dynamic Clamp Biophys. J., July 1, 2008; 95(1): 66 - 87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Md. I. Hossain, H. Iwasaki, Y. Okochi, M. Chahine, S. Higashijima, K. Nagayama, and Y. Okamura Enzyme Domain Affects the Movement of the Voltage Sensor in Ascidian and Zebrafish Voltage-sensing Phosphatases J. Biol. Chem., June 27, 2008; 283(26): 18248 - 18259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Yang, G. Zhang, J. Shi, U. S. Lee, K. Delaloye, and J. Cui Subunit-Specific Effect of the Voltage Sensor Domain on Ca2+ Sensitivity of BK Channels Biophys. J., June 15, 2008; 94(12): 4678 - 4687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Lewis, V. Jogini, L. Blachowicz, M. Laine, and B. Roux Atomic Constraints between the Voltage Sensor and the Pore Domain in a Voltage-gated K+ Channel of Known Structure J. Gen. Physiol., June 1, 2008; 131(6): 549 - 561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. J. Muller, N. Wu, and K. Palczewski Vertebrate Membrane Proteins: Structure, Function, and Insights from Biophysical Approaches Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2008; 60(1): 43 - 78. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Dougherty, J. A. De Santiago-Castillo, and M. Covarrubias Gating Charge Immobilization in Kv4.2 Channels: The Basis of Closed-State Inactivation J. Gen. Physiol., February 25, 2008; 131(3): 257 - 273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. Neale, H. Rong, C. J. Cockcroft, and A. Sivaprasadarao Mapping the Membrane-aqueous Border for the Voltage-sensing Domain of a Potassium Channel J. Biol. Chem., December 28, 2007; 282(52): 37597 - 37604. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Rezazadeh, H. T. Kurata, T. W. Claydon, S. J. Kehl, and D. Fedida An Activation Gating Switch in Kv1.2 Is Localized to a Threonine Residue in the S2-S3 Linker Biophys. J., December 15, 2007; 93(12): 4173 - 4186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Sadovsky and O. Yifrach Principles underlying energetic coupling along an allosteric communication trajectory of a voltage-activated K+ channel PNAS, December 11, 2007; 104(50): 19813 - 19818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Jogini and B. Roux Dynamics of the Kv1.2 Voltage-Gated K+ Channel in a Membrane Environment Biophys. J., November 1, 2007; 93(9): 3070 - 3082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Chakrapani, J. F Cordero-Morales, and E. Perozo A Quantitative Description of KcsA Gating I: Macroscopic Currents J. Gen. Physiol., October 29, 2007; 130(5): 465 - 478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Cohen, N. Ilan, M. Gur, W. Stuhmer, D. Gordon, and M. Gurevitz Design of a Specific Activator for Skeletal Muscle Sodium Channels Uncovers Channel Architecture J. Biol. Chem., October 5, 2007; 282(40): 29424 - 29430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Murata and Y. Okamura Depolarization activates the phosphoinositide phosphatase Ci-VSP, as detected in Xenopus oocytes coexpressing sensors of PIP2 J. Physiol., September 15, 2007; 583(3): 875 - 889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. P. Torres, F. J. Morera, I. Carvacho, and R. Latorre A Marriage of Convenience: beta-Subunits and Voltage-dependent K+ Channels J. Biol. Chem., August 24, 2007; 282(34): 24485 - 24489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Magidovich, I. Orr, D. Fass, U. Abdu, and O. Yifrach Intrinsic disorder in the C-terminal domain of the Shaker voltage-activated K+ channel modulates its interaction with scaffold proteins PNAS, August 7, 2007; 104(32): 13022 - 13027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-C. Yang, C.-J. Own, and C.-C. Kuo A hydrophobic element secures S4 voltage sensor in position in resting Shaker K+ channels J. Physiol., August 1, 2007; 582(3): 1059 - 1072. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. O. Hernandez-Ochoa, R. E. Garcia-Ferreiro, and D. E. Garcia G protein activation inhibits gating charge movement in rat sympathetic neurons Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, June 1, 2007; 292(6): C2226 - C2238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Blanchet, S. Pilote, and M. Chahine Acidic Residues on the Voltage-Sensor Domain Determine the Activation of the NaChBac Sodium Channel Biophys. J., May 15, 2007; 92(10): 3513 - 3523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. G. Gagnon, C. Frindel, and J.-Y. Lapointe Voltage-Clamp Fluorometry in the Local Environment of the C255-C511 Disulfide Bridge of the Na+/Glucose Cotransporter Biophys. J., April 1, 2007; 92(7): 2403 - 2411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. M. Koval, Y. Fan, and B. S. Rothberg A Role for the S0 Transmembrane Segment in Voltage-dependent Gating of BK Channels J. Gen. Physiol., March 1, 2007; 129(3): 209 - 220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Radivojac, L. M. Iakoucheva, C. J. Oldfield, Z. Obradovic, V. N. Uversky, and A. K. Dunker Intrinsic Disorder and Functional Proteomics Biophys. J., March 1, 2007; 92(5): 1439 - 1456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Bond and M. S. P. Sansom Bilayer deformation by the Kv channel voltage sensor domain revealed by self-assembly simulations PNAS, February 20, 2007; 104(8): 2631 - 2636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Beyl, E. N. Timin, A. Hohaus, A. Stary, M. Kudrnac, R. H. Guy, and S. Hering Probing the Architecture of an L-type Calcium Channel with a Charged Phenylalkylamine: EVIDENCE FOR A WIDELY OPEN PORE AND DRUG TRAPPING J. Biol. Chem., February 9, 2007; 282(6): 3864 - 3870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Saenen, A. J. Labro, A. Raes, and D. J. Snyders Modulation of HERG Gating by a Charge Cluster in the N-Terminal Proximal Domain Biophys. J., December 15, 2006; 91(12): 4381 - 4391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Dougherty and M. Covarrubias A Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase-like Protein Remodels Gating Charge Dynamics in Kv4.2 Channels J. Gen. Physiol., December 1, 2006; 128(6): 745 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-S. Choi, S. D. Dib-Hajj, and S. G. Waxman Inherited erythermalgia: Limb pain from an S4 charge-neutral Na channelopathy Neurology, November 14, 2006; 67(9): 1563 - 1567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Panyi and C. Deutsch Cross Talk between Activation and Slow Inactivation Gates of Shaker Potassium Channels J. Gen. Physiol., November 1, 2006; 128(5): 547 - 559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Scalmani, R. Rusconi, E. Armatura, F. Zara, G. Avanzini, S. Franceschetti, and M. Mantegazza Effects in Neocortical Neurons of Mutations of the Nav1.2 Na+ Channel causing Benign Familial Neonatal-Infantile Seizures J. Neurosci., October 4, 2006; 26(40): 10100 - 10109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. T. Hulme, V. Yarov-Yarovoy, T. W.-C. Lin, T. Scheuer, and W. A. Catterall Autoinhibitory control of the CaV1.2 channel by its proteolytically processed distal C-terminal domain J. Physiol., October 1, 2006; 576(1): 87 - 102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Castiglioni, J. Raingo, and D. Lipscombe Alternative splicing in the C-terminus of CaV2.2 controls expression and gating of N-type calcium channels J. Physiol., October 1, 2006; 576(1): 119 - 134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Santos, A. Lundby, C. Zazueta, and M. Montal Molecular Template for a Voltage Sensor in a Novel K+ Channel. I. Identification and Functional Characterization of KvLm, a Voltage-gated K+ Channel from Listeria monocytogenes J. Gen. Physiol., August 28, 2006; 128(3): 283 - 292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Lundby, J. S. Santos, C. Zazueta, and M. Montal Molecular Template for a Voltage Sensor in a Novel K+ Channel. II. Conservation of a Eukaryotic Sensor Fold in a Prokaryotic K+ Channel J. Gen. Physiol., August 28, 2006; 128(3): 293 - 300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Cohen, N. Gilles, I. Karbat, N. Ilan, D. Gordon, and M. Gurevitz Direct Evidence That Receptor Site-4 of Sodium Channel Gating Modifiers Is Not Dipped in the Phospholipid Bilayer of Neuronal Membranes J. Biol. Chem., July 28, 2006; 281(30): 20673 - 20679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. I. Vandenberg, A. Varghese, Y. Lu, J. A. Bursill, M. P. Mahaut-Smith, and C. L.-H. Huang Temperature dependence of human ether-a-go-go-related gene K+ currents Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, July 1, 2006; 291(1): C165 - C175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Magidovich, S. J. Fleishman, and O. Yifrach Intrinsically disordered C-terminal segments of voltage-activated potassium channels: a possible fishing rod-like mechanism for channel binding to scaffold proteins Bioinformatics, July 1, 2006; 22(13): 1546 - 1550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kawaguchi, K. Minami, K. Nagashima, and S. Seino Essential Role of Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Normal Regulation of Insulin Secretion J. Biol. Chem., May 12, 2006; 281(19): 13015 - 13020. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Yarov-Yarovoy, D. Baker, and W. A. Catterall Voltage sensor conformations in the open and closed states in ROSETTA structural models of K+ channels PNAS, May 9, 2006; 103(19): 7292 - 7297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ferrer, J. Rupp, D. R. Piper, and M. Tristani-Firouzi The S4-S5 Linker Directly Couples Voltage Sensor Movement to the Activation Gate in the Human Ether-a-go-go-related Gene (hERG) K+ Channel J. Biol. Chem., May 5, 2006; 281(18): 12858 - 12864. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Treptow and M. Tarek Environment of the Gating Charges in the Kv1.2 Shaker Potassium Channel Biophys. J., May 1, 2006; 90(9): L64 - L66. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Sasaki, M. Takagi, and Y. Okamura A Voltage Sensor-Domain Protein Is a Voltage-Gated Proton Channel Science, April 28, 2006; 312(5773): 589 - 592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. A. Sands, A. Grottesi, and M. S. P. Sansom The Intrinsic Flexibility of the Kv Voltage Sensor and Its Implications for Channel Gating Biophys. J., March 1, 2006; 90(5): 1598 - 1606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Gordon, T. K. Roepke, and G. W. Abbott Endogenous KCNE Subunits Govern Kv2.1 K+ Channel Activation Kinetics in Xenopus Oocyte Studies Biophys. J., February 15, 2006; 90(4): 1223 - 1231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. A. Bannister, B. Chanda, F. Bezanilla, and D. M. Papazian Optical detection of rate-determining ion-modulated conformational changes of the ether-a-go-go K+ channel voltage sensor PNAS, December 20, 2005; 102(51): 18718 - 18723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. H. Yu, V. Yarov-Yarovoy, G. A. Gutman, and W. A. Catterall Overview of Molecular Relationships in the Voltage-Gated Ion Channel Superfamily Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2005; 57(4): 387 - 395. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. N. Subbiah, M. Kondo, T. J. Campbell, and J. I. Vandenberg Tryptophan scanning mutagenesis of the HERG K+ channel: the S4 domain is loosely packed and likely to be lipid exposed J. Physiol., December 1, 2005; 569(2): 367 - 379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Michard, B. Lacombe, F. Poree, B. Mueller-Roeber, H. Sentenac, J.-B. Thibaud, and I. Dreyer A Unique Voltage Sensor Sensitizes the Potassium Channel AKT2 to Phosphoregulation J. Gen. Physiol., November 28, 2005; 126(6): 605 - 617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Patel and D. L. Campbell Transient outward potassium current, 'Ito', phenotypes in the mammalian left ventricle: underlying molecular, cellular and biophysical mechanisms J. Physiol., November 15, 2005; 569(1): 7 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Wang, V. E. Bondarenko, Y.-j. Qu, G. C. L. Bett, M. J. Morales, R. L. Rasmusson, and H. C. Strauss Time- and Voltage-Dependent Components of Kv4.3 Inactivation Biophys. J., November 1, 2005; 89(5): 3026 - 3041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Ottschytsch, A. L Raes, J.-P. Timmermans, and D. J Snyders Domain analysis of Kv6.3, an electrically silent channel J. Physiol., November 1, 2005; 568(3): 737 - 747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-Y. Lee, A. Lee, J. Chen, and R. MacKinnon Structure of the KvAP voltage-dependent K+ channel and its dependence on the lipid membrane PNAS, October 25, 2005; 102(43): 15441 - 15446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Freites, D. J. Tobias, G. von Heijne, and S. H. White From the Cover: Interface connections of a transmembrane voltage sensor PNAS, October 18, 2005; 102(42): 15059 - 15064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
