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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 2, April 2000, pp. 615-647
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Glover, Joel C.
Development of Specific Connectivity Between Premotor Neurons and
Motoneurons in the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord. Physiol. Rev. 80: 615-647, 2000.
Astounding progress has
been made during the past decade in understanding the general
principles governing the development of the nervous system. An area of
prime physiological interest that is being elucidated is how the neural
circuitry that governs movement is established. The concerted
application of molecular biological, anatomical, and
electrophysiological techniques to this problem is yielding gratifying
insight into how motoneuron, interneuron, and sensory neuron identities
are determined, how these different neuron types establish specific
axonal projections, and how they recognize and synapse upon each other
in patterns that enable the nervous system to exercise precise control
over skeletal musculature. This review is an attempt to convey to the physiologist some of the exciting discoveries that have been made, within a context that is intended to link molecular mechanism to
behavioral realization. The focus is restricted to the development of
monosynaptic connections onto skeletal motoneurons. Principal topics
include the inductive mechanisms that pattern the placement and
differentiation of motoneurons, Ia sensory afferents, and premotor
interneurons; the molecular guidance mechanisms that pattern the
projection of premotor axons in the brain stem and spinal cord; and the
precision with which initial synaptic connections onto motoneurons are
established, with emphasis on the relative roles played by cellular
recognition versus electrical activity. It is hoped that this review
will provide a guide to understanding both the existing literature and
the advances that await this rapidly developing topic.
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