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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 3, July 2000, pp. 1083-1105
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
De la Vieja, Antonio,
Orsolya Dohan,
Orlie Levy, and
Nancy Carrasco.
Molecular Analysis of the Sodium/Iodide Symporter:
Impact on Thyroid and Extrathyroid Pathophysiology. Physiol. Rev. 80: 1083-1105, 2000.
The Na+/I
symporter (NIS) is an intrinsic membrane protein that mediates the
active transport of iodide into the thyroid and other tissues, such as
salivary glands, gastric mucosa, and lactating mammary gland. NIS plays
key roles in thyroid pathophysiology as the route by which iodide
reaches the gland for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and as a means for
diagnostic scintigraphic imaging and for radioiodide therapy in
hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. The molecular characterization of
NIS started with the 1996 isolation of a cDNA encoding rat NIS and has
since continued at a rapid pace. Anti-NIS antibodies have been
prepared and used to study NIS topology and its secondary structure.
The biogenesis and posttranslational modifications of NIS have been
examined, a thorough electrophysiological analysis of NIS has been
conducted, the cDNA encoding human NIS (hNIS) has been isolated, the
genomic organization of hNIS has been elucidated, the regulation of NIS
by thyrotropin and I
has been analyzed, the regulation of
NIS transcription has been studied, spontaneous NIS mutations have been
identified as causes of congenital iodide transport defect resulting in
hypothyroidism, the roles of NIS in thyroid cancer and thyroid
autoimmune disease have been examined, and the expression and
regulation of NIS in extrathyroidal tissues have been investigated. In
gene therapy experiments, the rat NIS gene has been transduced into
various types of human cells, which then exhibited active iodide
transport and became susceptible to destruction with radioiodide. The
continued molecular analysis of NIS clearly holds the potential of an
even greater impact on a wide spectrum of fields, ranging from
structure/function of transport proteins to the diagnosis and treatment
of cancer, both in the thyroid and beyond.
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