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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 81, No. 1, January 2001, pp. 153-208
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Suita, Japan
Takai, Yoshimi,
Takuya Sasaki, and
Takashi Matozaki.
Small GTP-Binding Proteins. Physiol. Rev. 81: 153-208, 2001.
Small
GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) exist in eukaryotes from yeast to
human and constitute a superfamily consisting of more than 100 members.
This superfamily is structurally classified into at least five
families: the Ras, Rho, Rab, Sar1/Arf, and Ran families. They regulate
a wide variety of cell functions as biological timers (biotimers) that
initiate and terminate specific cell functions and determine the
periods of time for the continuation of the specific cell functions.
They furthermore play key roles in not only temporal but also spatial
determination of specific cell functions. The Ras family regulates gene
expression, the Rho family regulates cytoskeletal reorganization and
gene expression, the Rab and Sar1/Arf families regulate vesicle
trafficking, and the Ran family regulates nucleocytoplasmic transport
and microtubule organization. Many upstream regulators and downstream
effectors of small G proteins have been isolated, and their modes of
activation and action have gradually been elucidated. Cascades and
cross-talks of small G proteins have also been clarified. In this
review, functions of small G proteins and their modes of activation and action are described.
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