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Physiol. Rev. 80: 1523-1631, 2000;
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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 4, October 2000, pp. 1523-1631
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society

Prolactin: Structure, Function, and Regulation of Secretion

Marc E. Freeman, Béla Kanyicska, Anna Lerant, and György Nagy*

Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; Department of Anatomy, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Human Morphology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary

Freeman, Marc E., Béla Kanyicska, Anna Lerant, and György Nagy. Prolactin: Structure, Function, and Regulation of Secretion. Physiol. Rev. 80: 1523-1631, 2000.Prolactin is a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that was originally named for its ability to promote lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals. We now know that prolactin is not as simple as originally described. Indeed, chemically, prolactin appears in a multiplicity of posttranslational forms ranging from size variants to chemical modifications such as phosphorylation or glycosylation. It is not only synthesized in the pituitary gland, as originally described, but also within the central nervous system, the immune system, the uterus and its associated tissues of conception, and even the mammary gland itself. Moreover, its biological actions are not limited solely to reproduction because it has been shown to control a variety of behaviors and even play a role in homeostasis. Prolactin-releasing stimuli not only include the nursing stimulus, but light, audition, olfaction, and stress can serve a stimulatory role. Finally, although it is well known that dopamine of hypothalamic origin provides inhibitory control over the secretion of prolactin, other factors within the brain, pituitary gland, and peripheral organs have been shown to inhibit or stimulate prolactin secretion as well. It is the purpose of this review to provide a comprehensive survey of our current understanding of prolactin's function and its regulation and to expose some of the controversies still existing.

* The sequence of authorship does not imply importance of contribution but is presented alphabetically.




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