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Physiol. Rev. 87: 245-313, 2007; doi:10.1152/physrev.00044.2005
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The NOX Family of ROS-Generating NADPH Oxidases: Physiology and Pathophysiology

Karen Bedard and Karl-Heinz Krause

Biology of Ageing Laboratories, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

For a long time, superoxide generation by an NADPH oxidase was considered as an oddity only found in professional phagocytes. Over the last years, six homologs of the cytochrome subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the phagocyte NADPH oxidase itself (NOX2/gp91phox), the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. These enzymes share the capacity to transport electrons across the plasma membrane and to generate superoxide and other downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation mechanisms and tissue distribution of the different members of the family are markedly different. The physiological functions of NOX family enzymes include host defense, posttranlational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. NOX enzymes also contribute to a wide range of pathological processes. NOX deficiency may lead to immunosuppresion, lack of otoconogenesis, or hypothyroidism. Increased NOX actvity also contributes to a large number or pathologies, in particular cardiovascular diseases and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the functions of NOX enzymes in physiology and pathology.





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Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
C. D. Fike, J. C. Slaughter, M. R. Kaplowitz, Y. Zhang, and J. L. Aschner
Reactive oxygen species from NADPH oxidase contribute to altered pulmonary vascular responses in piglets with chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, November 1, 2008; 295(5): L881 - L888.
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Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
M. Li, X. Dai, S. Watts, D. Kreulen, and G. Fink
Increased superoxide levels in ganglia and sympathoexcitation are involved in sarafotoxin 6c-induced hypertension
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2008; 295(5): R1546 - R1554.
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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Gong, Z. Li, M. Xu, J. Du, Z. Lv, and Y. Zhang
A Novel Protein Kinase A-independent, {beta}-Arrestin-1-dependent Signaling Pathway for p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation by {beta}2-Adrenergic Receptors
J. Biol. Chem., October 24, 2008; 283(43): 29028 - 29036.
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J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
P.-S. Tsou, V. Addanki, and H.-L. Fung
Dissociation between Superoxide Accumulation and Nitroglycerin-Induced Tolerance
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2008; 327(1): 97 - 104.
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J. Immunol.Home page
I-T. Lee, S.-W. Wang, C.-W. Lee, C.-C. Chang, C.-C. Lin, S.-F. Luo, and C.-M. Yang
Lipoteichoic Acid Induces HO-1 Expression via the TLR2/MyD88/c-Src/NADPH Oxidase Pathway and Nrf2 in Human Tracheal Smooth Muscle Cells
J. Immunol., October 1, 2008; 181(7): 5098 - 5110.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Exp. Biol. Med.Home page
K. M. Jaques-Robinson, R. Golfetti, S. S. Baliga, N. M. Hadzimichalis, and G. F. Merrill
Acetaminophen Is Cardioprotective Against H2O2-Induced Injury In Vivo
Experimental Biology and Medicine, October 1, 2008; 233(10): 1315 - 1322.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Eukaryot CellHome page
K. Lambou, F. Malagnac, C. Barbisan, D. Tharreau, M.-H. Lebrun, and P. Silar
The Crucial Role of the Pls1 Tetraspanin during Ascospore Germination in Podospora anserina Provides an Example of the Convergent Evolution of Morphogenetic Processes in Fungal Plant Pathogens and Saprobes
Eukaryot. Cell, October 1, 2008; 7(10): 1809 - 1818.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Biol. CellHome page
T. Kawahara and J. D. Lambeth
Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate Modulates Nox5 Localization via an N-Terminal Polybasic Region
Mol. Biol. Cell, October 1, 2008; 19(10): 4020 - 4031.
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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Lapointe and S. Hekimi
Early Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Long-lived Mclk1+/- Mice
J. Biol. Chem., September 19, 2008; 283(38): 26217 - 26227.
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J. Immunol.Home page
L. M. Sly, J. Kalesnikoff, V. Lam, D. Wong, C. Song, S. Omeis, K. Chan, C. W. K. Lee, R. P. Siraganian, J. Rivera, et al.
IgE-Induced Mast Cell Survival Requires the Prolonged Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species
J. Immunol., September 15, 2008; 181(6): 3850 - 3860.
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J Am Coll CardiolHome page
D. A. Towler
Oxidation, Inflammation, and Aortic Valve Calcification: Peroxide Paves an Osteogenic Path
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 2, 2008; 52(10): 851 - 854.
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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
Q. Zhang, P. Malik, D. Pandey, S. Gupta, D. Jagnandan, E. B. de Chantemele, B. Banfi, M. B. Marrero, R. D. Rudic, D. W. Stepp, et al.
Paradoxical Activation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase by NADPH Oxidase
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2008; 28(9): 1627 - 1633.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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HypertensionHome page
H. Kinoshita, N. Matsuda, H. Kaba, N. Hatakeyama, T. Azma, K. Nakahata, Y. Kuroda, K. Tange, H. Iranami, and Y. Hatano
Roles of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt and NADPH Oxidase in Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate-Sensitive K+ Channel Function Impaired by High Glucose in the Human Artery
Hypertension, September 1, 2008; 52(3): 507 - 513.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Block, A. Eid, K. K. Griendling, D.-Y. Lee, Y. Wittrant, and Y. Gorin
Nox4 NAD(P)H Oxidase Mediates Src-dependent Tyrosine Phosphorylation of PDK-1 in Response to Angiotensin II: ROLE IN MESANGIAL CELL HYPERTROPHY AND FIBRONECTIN EXPRESSION
J. Biol. Chem., August 29, 2008; 283(35): 24061 - 24076.
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Eukaryot CellHome page
N. Cano-Dominguez, K. Alvarez-Delfin, W. Hansberg, and J. Aguirre
NADPH Oxidases NOX-1 and NOX-2 Require the Regulatory Subunit NOR-1 To Control Cell Differentiation and Growth in Neurospora crassa
Eukaryot. Cell, August 1, 2008; 7(8): 1352 - 1361.
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Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
H. Yao, S.-R. Yang, I. Edirisinghe, S. Rajendrasozhan, S. Caito, D. Adenuga, M. A. O'Reilly, and I. Rahman
Disruption of p21 Attenuates Lung Inflammation Induced by Cigarette Smoke, LPS, and fMLP in Mice
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., July 1, 2008; 39(1): 7 - 18.
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Mol. Biol. CellHome page
D. Gianni, B. Bohl, S. A. Courtneidge, and G. M. Bokoch
The Involvement of the Tyrosine Kinase c-Src in the Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Mediated by NADPH Oxidase-1
Mol. Biol. Cell, July 1, 2008; 19(7): 2984 - 2994.
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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
W. M. Nauseef
Biological Roles for the NOX Family NADPH Oxidases
J. Biol. Chem., June 20, 2008; 283(25): 16961 - 16965.
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J. Immunol.Home page
T. Sato, T. Shimosato, W. G. Alvord, and D. M. Klinman
Suppressive Oligodeoxynucleotides Inhibit Silica-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation
J. Immunol., June 1, 2008; 180(11): 7648 - 7654.
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J. Neurosci.Home page
T. M. Kauppinen, Y. Higashi, S. W. Suh, C. Escartin, K. Nagasawa, and R. A. Swanson
Zinc Triggers Microglial Activation
J. Neurosci., May 28, 2008; 28(22): 5827 - 5835.
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J. Immunol.Home page
K. Fink, A. Duval, A. Martel, A. Soucy-Faulkner, and N. Grandvaux
Dual Role of NOX2 in Respiratory Syncytial Virus- and Sendai Virus-Induced Activation of NF-{kappa}B in Airway Epithelial Cells
J. Immunol., May 15, 2008; 180(10): 6911 - 6922.
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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y.-Y. Kao, D. Gianni, B. Bohl, R. M. Taylor, and G. M. Bokoch
Identification of a Conserved Rac-binding Site on NADPH Oxidases Supports a Direct GTPase Regulatory Mechanism
J. Biol. Chem., May 9, 2008; 283(19): 12736 - 12746.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Immunol.Home page
A. Lemarie, E. Bourdonnay, C. Morzadec, O. Fardel, and L. Vernhet
Inorganic Arsenic Activates Reduced NADPH Oxidase in Human Primary Macrophages through a Rho Kinase/p38 Kinase Pathway
J. Immunol., May 1, 2008; 180(9): 6010 - 6017.
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Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
M. Medhora, Y. Chen, S. Gruenloh, D. Harland, S. Bodiga, J. Zielonka, D. Gebremedhin, Y. Gao, J. R. Falck, S. Anjaiah, et al.
20-HETE increases superoxide production and activates NAPDH oxidase in pulmonary artery endothelial cells
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): L902 - L911.
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Am. J. Pathol.Home page
H. Yao, I. Edirisinghe, S.-R. Yang, S. Rajendrasozhan, A. Kode, S. Caito, D. Adenuga, and I. Rahman
Genetic Ablation of NADPH Oxidase Enhances Susceptibility to Cigarette Smoke-Induced Lung Inflammation and Emphysema in Mice
Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2008; 172(5): 1222 - 1237.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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HypertensionHome page
R. Pedrosa, V. A. M. Villar, A. M. Pascua, S. Simao, U. Hopfer, P. A. Jose, and P. Soares-da-Silva
H2O2 Stimulation of the Cl-/HCO3- Exchanger by Angiotensin II and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Distribution in Membrane Microdomains
Hypertension, May 1, 2008; 51(5): 1332 - 1338.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J Am Coll CardiolHome page
R. Dworakowski, S. Walker, A. Momin, J. Desai, A. El-Gamel, O. Wendler, M. T. Kearney, and A. M. Shah
Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase-Derived Superoxide and Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Human Heart Failure
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 8, 2008; 51(14): 1349 - 1356.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Ogasawara, H. Kaya, G. Hiraoka, F. Yumoto, S. Kimura, Y. Kadota, H. Hishinuma, E. Senzaki, S. Yamagoe, K. Nagata, et al.
Synergistic Activation of the Arabidopsis NADPH Oxidase AtrbohD by Ca2+ and Phosphorylation
J. Biol. Chem., April 4, 2008; 283(14): 8885 - 8892.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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IOVSHome page
Y. Saito, A. Uppal, G. Byfield, S. Budd, and M. E. Hartnett
Activated NAD(P)H Oxidase from Supplemental Oxygen Induces Neovascularization Independent of VEGF in Retinopathy of Prematurity Model
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2008; 49(4): 1591 - 1598.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Biol. CellHome page
T. J. Wiles, B. K. Dhakal, D. S. Eto, and M. A. Mulvey
Inactivation of Host Akt/Protein Kinase B Signaling by Bacterial Pore-forming Toxins
Mol. Biol. Cell, April 1, 2008; 19(4): 1427 - 1438.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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